INVENTIONS IN ROCKET SCIENCE IN INDIA

INVENTIONS IN ROCKET SCIENCE IN INDIA:

The rocket science mainly deals with the satellites. The first satellite of India is Aryabhatta built in 1975 by ISRO and developed by Soviet Union and the first satellite to be placed in the orbit is Rohini. The explanation of all the inventions is given individually as follows:

ARYABHATTA:

·       The first satellite to be invented by India in 1975.

·       The main intention to take up this project by ISRO was to gain experience in this field.

·       The main objective was to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, Aeronautics and Solar physics.

·       It was physically a polygon with solar cells.

·       After 4 days of going into space, a powerful failure halted the experiments in space. All signals were lost after 5 days. It re-entered earth in 1992.

·       Its image appeared on 1 rupee and 2 rupee notes between 1976 and 1997.

BHASKARA-1:

·       It’s the first low orbit earth observation (little distance from the earths orbit) satellite of India.

·       Invented in 1979.

·       It consisted of 2 television cameras and satellite microwave radiometer operating to study ocean state, water vapour, liquid water content in atmosphere etc.

ROHINI:

·       This name is given to the series of satellites launched by ISRO.

·       4 satellites were launched and three were successful to the orbit.

·       Invented in 1979.

RS-1:

·       Invented in 1980.

·       Life in orbit was for 20 months.

·       It provided the data for the 3^rd stage of SLV.

RS-D1:

·       Invented in 1981.

·       It was a partial success as it did not reach the expected height and thus it only stayed in orbit for 9 days.

·       It carried a solid camera for remote sensing applications.

RS-D2:
              

·       Invented in 1983.

·       The life in the orbit was for 17 months.

·       It consisted of a smart censor camera that clicked over 2500 pictures and the speciality of the camera is that it can snap the pictures in the visible and infrared bands.

·       It re-entered the atmosphere in 1990.

ARIANE PASSENGER PAYLOAD EXPERIMENT (APPLE):

·       It is a communication satellite invented in 1981.

·       It was launched by Ariane, launch vehicle of European space agency (ESA).

·       It is the first stabilized experimental geostationary communication satellite in the history of India.

·       It served as the test bed for telecommunications including TV programs and radio.

·       The failure of its solar panel led to its fall.

BHASKARA-2:

·       Invented in 1981.

·       Main objective was to provide ocean and land surface data.

·       It has sent more than 2000 images to earth, one of the two onboard cameras malfunctioned though.

INSAT:

·       It is an Indian national satellite invented in 1983.

·       It involves a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites.

·       The main objective was to satisfy telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search & rescue operations.

·       It is the largest domestic communication satellite in Asia-Pacific region.

·       It also supports television and communication needs.

·       It brought an evolution in India’s television, broadcasting, telecommunication and meteorological sectors.

·       It enabled rapid expansion of all the facilities to remote areas and sea shore islands.

INSAT-2E:

·       It is the last of 5 satellites in 2 series.

·       It carries high resolution radiometer with imaging capacity in visible and thermal infrared band.

·       It consisted of a charge coupled camera (CCD) providing ground resolution.

INSAT-3A:

·       Invented in 2003.

·       It consisted of very high resolution radiometer with imaging capacity and CCD’s.

INSAT-3C:

·       Invented in 2002.

·       It consisted of all kinds of transponders which provide coverage over India.

INSAT-3D:

·       Invented in 2013.

·       It consisted of all kinds of transponders.

·       The main objective was to have a coverage over Indian Ocean region, Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal, Seychelles, Srilanka, Tanzania for rendering an identifying signal in response to an interrogating received signal.

INSAT-3E:

·       Invented in 2003.

·       In this, transponders cover an edge over India.

KALPANA-1:

·       It is an exclusively meteorological satellite invented in 2002.

·       It carries a very high resolution radiometer.

·       It was named METSAT earlier but later renamed as KALPANA to commemorate Kalpana Chawla.

EDUSAT:

·       It is also known as GSAT-3.

·       It was configured for audio visual medium employing digital interactive class room lessons and multimedia content.

·       It was launched in 2004 and its life was for 6 years in the orbit.

·       It carried transponders and ground coverage configured to cater education required and distance education was the main motive of the launch.

INSAT 4 SERIES:

INSAT-4A:

·       Invented in 2005 by European Ariance launch vehicle.

·       It carried transponders.

·       Tatasky, a joint venture between Tata and Star uses INSAT-4A for distributing their DTH service.

INSAT-4B:

·       Invented in 2007 by European Ariane launch vehicle.

·       It is a communication satellite which provides its services to Doordarshan’s DD direct plus and sun direct.

·       GLITCH IN INSAT 4B:

1)    In 2010, the power was not flowing from one of the solar panels to the satellite bus which led to the 50% of the shutdown of the transponders.

2)    It might have happened due to the misbehavior of wires.

3)    It might be due to an infection by sophisticated STUXNET worm (which was thought an initiative developed by the Chinese government to gain maximum by the fall of India’s technology).

INSAT-4CR:

·       Invented in 2007.

·       It is a replacement satellite of INSAT-4C which failed and had to be destroyed on its course.

GSAT-8 OR INSAT-4G:

·       It is the India’s most advanced and high power communication satellite.

·       It was invented to carry 24 high power transponders in 2011.

GSAT-12:

·       Invented in 2011.

·       It was configured to carry 12 extended C band transponders to meet country’s growing demand for transponders.

·       These 12 transponders augment capacity for various communication services like tele education, tele medicine and for village resource centers.

GSAT-10:

·       Invented in 2012 by Ariane-5 by ECA.

·       It includes navigation payload to augment GAGAN capacity.

STRECHED ROHINI SATELLITE SERIES:

This series is developed by the ISRO as follow on to Rohini satellites for conducting Astro physics, earth remote sensing and upper atmospheric monitoring experiments.

SROSS A AND SROSS B:

·       They did not make into the orbit due to the launch vehicle failure.

·       SROSS A carried two retro reflectors for the laser tracking.

·       SROSS B carried 2 instruments namely

1)    West German monocular electro optical stereo scanner.

2)    ISRO’s gamma ray burst experiment.

SROSS C:

·       Invented in 1992 and successfully attained the orbit.

·       It carried out gamma ray burst experiment and a retarded potential analyzer (RPA) experiment.

·       RPA measured temperature, density and characteristics of electrons in the earth’s ionosphere.

SROSS C2:

·       Invented in 1994.

·       It carried an improved version of gamma ray burst experiment.

IRS-1A:

·       It was the first remote sensing satellite invented in 1988 to provide satellite imagery for various land based applications.

·       It completed its mission in 1996.

INSAT-1C:

·       It was the third satellite in the 1^st generation INSAT series.

·       Invented in 1988.

·       It was developed by USA to satisfy domestic communication required by India.

·       All the government agencies like All India Radio, Department of space and Indian meteorological department use the services of INSAT-1C.

INSAT-1D:

·       It is the same as IRS 1A and launched into the orbit as its successor.

·       It was invented in 1991.

·       It was operated for 12 years.

INSAT-2DT:

·       It was earlier known as ARABSAT-1C.

·       It is also named as INSAT-2R.

·       It was a Saudi Arabian and subsequently an Indian communication satellite.

·       Invented in 1992.

·       It used to provide communication services to Arab countries but in 1997, it was sold to ISRO.

IRS-1E:

·       It’s also named IRS-P1.

·       Invented in 1993.

·       It was an experimental earth observation mission.

·       The main objective was to have missions on ground water exploration, land use, forest and flood mapping.

·       Due to the malfunctioned last stage of the rocket, the satellite deviated its path and plunged into the sea.

IRS-P2:

·       It was launched by NNRMS (National Natural Resources Management System) program by ISRO.

·       Invented in 1994.

·       The mission’s objective was to provide capability to India in observing and managing the natural resources and utilizing them in productive manner.

·       Hyderabad has received the first signal, after 98 minutes of launch.

·       The life span of the mission was for 3 years.

IRS-1C:

·       Invented in 1995.

·       The main objective was to provide systematic and repetitive acquisition of data of the earth’s surface under constant illumination conditions.

·       The data processed was gathered at the National Remote Sensing center, Hyderabad and EOSAT, a partnership of Hughes aircraft and RLA.

·       The lifespan of the mission was for 12 years.

IRS-P3:

·       Invented in 1996.

·       The mission objective was processing and interpreting data generated by 2 payloads, wide field sensor and modular Opto electric sensor, developed by German Aerospace center.

·       The data was transmitted to 2 ground stations in Hyderabad and Neustrelitz (Germany).

·       The lifespan of the mission was for 9 years and 10 months.

IRS-1D:

·       Invented in 1997.

·       The objective was to obtain better imagery particularly in thematic mapping (maps of the locations).

·       The life span of the mission is for 12 years.

INSAT-2E:

·       Invented in 1999.

·       It was mainly a geo-stationery and weather satellite which offered communication services to Asia and Australia.

·       It carried two meteorological instruments:

1)    A very high resolution radiometer.

2)    CCD camera.

·       The life span of the mission is for 12 years.

OCEANSAT-1:

·       It is also called IRS-P4.

·       Invented in 1999.

·       It was the first satellite built for the ocean applications.

·       The lifespan of the mission is for 11 years.

INSAT-3B:

·       Invented in 2000.

·       The main intention was business communication, mobile communication and developmental communication.

·       The lifespan of the mission is for 12 years.

GSAT-1:

·       Invented in 2001.

·       It used 2 propellant tanks built in India and Germany which led to the unequal flow of the fuel causing aircraft to tilt.

·       Thus, the launch was a failure and the mission remained incomplete.

TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT SATELLITE:

·       Invented in 2001.

·       The main objective was to demonstrate and validate, in orbit, technologies that could be used in future satellites of ISRO.

·       It helped the US army with high resolution images during 9/11 counter terrorism offensive against the Taliban.

GSAT-2:

·       Invented in 2003.

·       It was a test satellite for Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV).

RESOURCE SATELLITE-1:

·       It is also known as IRS-P6.

·       It is an advanced remote sensing satellite invented in 2003.

·       The main objective was to enhance data quality.

·       The lifespan of the mission was for 5 years.

HAMSAT:

·       Invented in 2005.

·       It is a partnership of HAMSAT India and VU2SAT and is a micro satellite.

·       It provides the amateur radio satellite communication services for Indian and international amateur radio operators.

CARTOSAT-1:

·       It is also called IRS-P5.

·       Invented in 2005.

·       It is an earth observation satellite in the sun synchronous orbit.

·       The main objective was cartography (making maps).

·       The lifespan of the mission is for 5 years.

CARTOSAT-2:

·       Invented in 2007.

·       Main objective is cartography.

·       It is capable of providing scene specific spot imagery.

·       The lifespan of the mission is for 5 years.

SPACE CAPSULE RECOVERY EXPERIMENT (SCRE/SRE/SRE-1):

·       Invented in 2007.

·       The main objective was to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule and the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiment in microgravity conditions.

·       The firing of an on board rocket motors led to its splashing into the Bay of Bengal and the floatation mechanism made it float and some guards brought it to the shore.

CARTOSAT-2A:

·       Invented in 2008.

·       This satellite is the ministry of defense for the government of India.

·       Dedicated for the Indian Armed Forces.

·       The lifespan of the mission was for 5 years.

IMS-1:

·       Invented in 2008.

·       It was launched with 8 Nano research satellites belonging to research facilities.

·       The lifespan was for 2 years.

CHANDRAYAN 1:

·       It was the first unmanned lunar probe or exploration which was in 2008.

·       The former PM Vajpayee announced its course in an Independence Day speech.

·       It boosted India’s research as it developed its own technology to research on moon.

·       Moon Impact Probe (MIP), separated from the satellite and struck the south pole of the moon making India the 4^th country to place its flag on it.

·       The MIP also analyzed for the water presence on the lunar surface.

·       Several technical issues including failure of star sensors and poor thermal shielding led to the cease of sending radio signals leading to a halt in the mission.

·       95% of the mission was a success, though there were some technical issues.

RISAT 2:

·       Invented in 2008 and built by Israel Aerospace Industries.

·       Its main sensor is an X band synthetic aperture RADAR designed to monitor India’s borders and as a part of anti infiltration and anti terrorist operations.

·       It was the first heavy satellite.

·       It has the capacity of day, night and all weather monitoring.

·       This satellite was used to search for the wreckage of helicopter crash in dense jungles of AP which killed Rajasekhar Reddy, CM of AP.

ANUSAT:

·       It was an Anna university satellite invented in 2009.

·       It was launched along with RISAT 2.

·       It carries an amateur radio and technology demonstration experiments.

·       It was an Indian student research at Madras Institute of Technology.

OCEANSAT 2:

·       Invented in 2009.

·       It was launched to continue the operations of OCEANSAT 1.

·       The main objective was to gather information about oceanographic, coastal and atmospheric applications.

·       This satellite is used in studying the surface winds and ocean surface strata, observing chlorophyll concentration, monitoring of phytoplankton blooms, study of atmospheric aerosols and suspended sediments in water.

GAST 4:

·       Invented in 2010.

·       It is called a health satellite launched for the experimental communication and navigation purpose.

·       It is the 1^st Indian built cryogenic (to be stored in lower temperatures) fuelled upper stage satellite.

·       It failed to reach the orbit due to the malfunction of the rocket and the non ignition of the third stage.

·       It aimed to guide the civil and military aircrafts.

CARTOSAT 2B:

·       Invented in 2010.

·       It carries a panchromatic camera capable of taking black and white pictures in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

·       The lifespan of the mission is for 5 years.

STUDSAT:

·       It is a Pico or miniature satellite designed by the students (undergraduates) in 2010.

·       The main objective was to provide the students with the experience of design, fabrication and realization of the space mission at the minimum costs.

·       The life of the mission was stated to be for 6 months and was successfully placed in the orbit.

GSAT 5P/GSAT PRIME:

·       Invented in 2010 as a replacement of INSAT 3E.

·       It carried fuelled boosters attached to the 1^st stage but ceased responding to the commands. Thus a commander activated the self destructive mechanism authorizing it to explode.

RESOURCESAT 2:

·       Invented in 2011 which is a follow on mission to RESOURCE SAT 1.

·       It provides the same services as RESOURCE SAT 1.

·       The lifespan is for 5 years.

YOUTHSAT:

·       Invented and launched in 2012 along with RESOURCESAT 2.

·       It is a Russian India scientific education satellite developed on the basis of an agreement between the two countries.

GSAT 8:

·       It is a communication satellite invented in 2011.

·       Ariane 5 was the carrier and the lifespan is for 12 years.

GSAT 12:

·       It is a communication satellite which was a replacement of INSAT 3B launched in 2011.

·       The main objective is to provide tele-education, tele-medicine, disaster management support and satellite internet access.

·       The lifespan is for 8 years.

MEGHA-TROPIQUES:

·       Invented in 2011.

·       The main objective was to study the water cycle in the tropical atmosphere in the content of climate change by obtaining reliable statistics on the water and energy budget of the tropical atmosphere.

·       The lifespan is for 3 years.

JUGNU:

·       It is an Indian technology demonstration and a remote sensing satellite operated by IIT Kanpur.

·       It is a nano satellite to provide data on agriculture and disaster monitoring.

·       It carried micro imaging system, a near infrared camera used to study or observe vegetation.

RISAT 1:

·       Invented in 2012 for the earth observation irrespective of light and weather conditions of the area being imaged.

·       RISAT 2 mission was prioritized over RISAT 1 following the 2008 Mumbai attacks resulting in the delay of launch of RISAT 1.

·       The lifespan is for 5 years.

SRMSAT:

·       Invented in 2011.

·       It is a nano satellite built by the students of SRM university, Chennai.

·       It is an Indian technology demonstration satellite and earth observation satellite.

·       The main objective of the mission is to monitor green house gases in atmosphere using Argus spectrometer.

·       The life span is for 1 year.

GSAT 10:

·       Invented in 2012 for communication services.

·       The main objective is to provide telecommunication, direct to home and radio navigation centers.

·       The lifespan is for 15 years.

SARAL:

·       It was a contract signed between France and India in 2007 but is launched in 2013.

·       It is a satellite with ARgos and ALTika.

·       ALTika (which operates between 26.5 and 40ghz.):

1)    Gives the oceanographic applications.

2)    1^st high frequency satellite.

3)    Delivers better performance when compared to other satellites.

4)    The lifespan is for 3 years.

·       ARGOS:

1)    The data collection system will collect a variety of data from ocean buoys (devices floating).

2)    The lifespan is for 5 years.

IRNSS 1A:

·       Invented in 2013.

·       It is the first navigational satellite in the Indian regional navigational satellite system series of satellites.

·       It provides GPS services only to India.

·       The lifespan is for 10 years.

INSAT 3D:

·       Invented in 2013.

·       It carried many new technology elements like star sensor, micro stepping solar array drive assembly (SADA) to reduce spacecraft disturbances and Bus management unit (BMU) for control and telecom and telemetry functions.

·       The goal is to provide operational, environmental and storm warning system to protect life and property and also to monitor earth’s surface and to carry out oceanic observations and also to provide data dissemination capabilities.