WORLD FROM MY PERSPECTIVE

INTRODUCTION: Psephology is simply the study of elections or survey for the prediction of election results. It basically depicts the election campaigns, election processes, the participants and employs statistical analysis to evaluate, analyse and interpret the predicted results on the basis of studying the people's behaviour. Psephology is derived from a Greek word Psephos meaning pebbles. An interesting story is related to the the adoption of this name. Earlier the pebbles(ballots) were thrown into an urns which represented the vote rate of elections in Athens, Greece. EMERGENCE AND PROCEDURE FOLLOWED: For the first elections, there was no need for the election study as there was a single party which had a clear majority. But emergence of many parties in the late 1960's had led to the need for the psephology to emerge. In 1960's, the congress suffered its majority in centre and the states. There was a complete destabilization of the congress and apprehen

INTRODUCTION: ·          Bureaucracy is a permanent system in the parliamentary form of governments. ·          During Mauryan Empire, for the first time, the importance of the district administration was introduced and thus Rajuka was appointed as a district head who represents the present day District collector. ·          In India, Civil services were introduced in 1946 after the Mauryas. ·          At present, there are about 535 districts in our country. ·          The job of an IAS officer is challenging, exciting but fulfilling at the same time. He has got a rich scope to function in diverse responsibilities. ·          The exam for IAS is the toughest exam one can give in India. But the test lacks to scrutinize the ability of the person on management. Thus to inculcate the best management skills in him, he is directed to work in almost every tiny posts of the office to become the best senior in the coming years. ·          This IAS is controlled by the Ministr

INTRODUCTION: For the first time in the world history,a newly planned city was introduced in England after Garden City Revolution in order to contradict the Environmental challenges caused due to the Industrialization in the 17th Century. There is a very much need for the planning of the cities for the development of the country. It is mostly seen in the developing countries in order to develop their infrastructure, transport and communication with a sophisticated technology. New cities are constructed in between 2 major towns or cities of the state. NEED: Due to the rapid urbanization, many people started moving from small villages to developed towns and cities for jobs and started settling there. This led to the increase of slums. For example, the Dharavi slum in Mumbai has the 60% of the city's population and is considered to be the Asia's largest slum. Mumbai is the India's commercial capitals but it is the home for the biggest slums. The tall buildings

INTRODUCTION: DISASTER: Unusual events of nature. Vulnerability adding to a hazard simply is Disaster. If the social, economic and environmental aspects increase the susceptibility of that community, it is vulnerability. For instance: A small village resides on the banks of river. If there is a rise in the water level, it is a hazard but the vulnerability is adding to the damage of  that village when it happens thus leading to the multiplication of damage called disaster. If there are more than 10 deaths or more than 100 affected, then it is called a disaster. Poverty, settlement in unsafe areas, environmental degradation, rapid urbanisation, climate change and unplanned development are the reasons behind the vulnerability of a particular community. Economically disadvantaged people are located in highly vulnerable zones. These people do not even want to vacate their lands in those vulnerable areas as they own the land there and they stay there until the hazard hits them.

WHAT IS MINING? Mining in simple terms is defined as the process of extracting the minerals or the geological things from the earth, from within its surface or underground. HISTORY OF MINING IN INDIA: The early man in the Indus Valley Civilization started using stones for basic needs. They used ornaments of gold and silver as per the archaeological surveys. According to them, many quarry pits were found in Harrappa leaving the evidences of mining during that Civilization. Thus we can say that the mining was an art of Indians in utilizing the available natural resources from a very early age of Indus Valley Civilization. INDIA AND MINING: India's mining is the 4th largest in volume and 8th largest in value in 2009. Though, now it is declining for many reasons. The mining sector contributes 2.2 to 2.3 percent to the Gross Domestic Product. The contribution of it in the industrial sector exclusively gives to around 10-11% in GDP. This sector provides employment to almost 7

INTRODUCTION: England and Scotland had experienced a same crown since long past. In the early 17th century, after the demise of queen Elizabeth 2 of both the England and Scotland then in 1602, her successor perceived the interest of unified rule of the both kingdoms. It was to make the administration painless, but later the intentions of the unification transformed to be divergent.  Few monarchs could not achieve the unification while few were not interested in it. The succession of the crown was by protestants called Hanover-ism. The Catholics were the minority both in the Scotland and England. But Scotland had good percentage of them. Glorious revolution which was the process of turning people to turning people to Catholics was practised by the monarch James, a catholic, which ousted him from throne. Many uprisings by Catholics for equality as of protestants. As the days passed by, the Scottish and England's parliament began showing interest in the unification who

INTRODUCTION: Before 1852 - Japan was considered an isolated country until before 1852. It had the trade relations only between the Dutch islands and the Nagasaki of Japan. 1852 - But in 1852, Mathew C Perry, the commander of US nay reached the bay of Tokyo and handed over a letter to the Shogun asking to open up the economy. When the Japanese did not accept it, he just shelled few buildings in the harbour. An year later, he came back to Japan and a treaty was made to open the economy. Japan had no other option but to agree the terms and open their economy for trade. They were also technically outdated. This was the ignition of the hatred of Japan towards the Americans. CONSEQUENCES OF OPENING THE ECONOMY: 1) It is called the realization era of Japanese history. The Japanese who considered their country to be the strongest country, realized that it was no equal to US power. 2) It never thought that it would suffer like China under someone's regime, but arisen such situation.